Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1

Progenitors

Name

Dinophysis norvegica

Note

To date, dihydroDTX1 has been found only in NE USA strains of D. norvegica Several cultivated strains from Funka Bay (SE Hokkaido, Japan) showed high levels of PTX2 per cell (> 50 pg cell) and presence (< 2pg) of DTX1. Only 1 out of 7 had traces of OA

Vector Species

Name

Mytilus edulis

Note

To date, this toxins has only been found in mussels exposed to Gulf of Maine strains of D. norvegica

References

, 2020

Deeds, J.R., Stutts, W.L., Celiz, M.D., MacLeod, J., Hamilton, A.E., Lewis, B.J., Miller, D.W., Kanwit, K., Smith, J.L., Kulis, D.M., McCarron, P., Rauschenberg, C.D., Burnell, C.A., Archer, S.D., Borchert, J., Lankford, S.K., 2020. Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 produced by Dinophysis norvegica in the Gulf of Maine, USA and its accumulation in shellfish. Toxins 12, 533.

, 2023

Ayache, N., Bill, B. D., Brosnahan, M. L., Campbell, L., Deeds, J. R., Fiorendino, J. M., Gobler, C. J., Handy, S. M., Harrington, N., Kulis, D. M., McCarron, P., Miles, C. O., Moore, S. K., Nagai, S., Trainer, V. L., Wolny, J. L., Young, C. S., & Smith, J. L. (2023). A survey of Dinophysis spp. and their potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in coastal waters of the United States. Journal of Phycology, 59, 658–680. Abstract Multiple species of the genus Dinophysis produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxins, OA/DTXs analogs) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only since 2008 have DSP events (illnesses and/or shellfish harvesting closures) become recognized as a threat to human health in the United States. This study characterized 20 strains representing five species of Dinophysis spp. isolated from three US coastal regions that have experienced DSP events: the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest. Using a combination of morphometric and DNA-based evidence, seven Northeast/Mid-Atlantic isolates and four Pacific Northwest isolates were classified as D. acuminata, a total of four isolates from two coasts were classified as D. norvegica, two isolates from the Pacific Northwest coast were identified as D. fortii, and three isolates from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as D. ovum and D. caudata. Toxin profiles of D. acuminata and D. norvegica varied by their geographical origin within the United States. Cross-regional comparison of toxin profiles was not possible with the other three species; however, within each region, distinct species-conserved profiles for isolates of D. fortii, D. ovum, and D. caudata were observed. Historical and recent data from various State and Tribal monitoring programs were compiled and compared, including maximum recorded cell abundances of Dinophysis spp., maximum concentrations of OA/DTXs recorded in commercial shellfish species, and durations of harvesting closures, to provide perspective regarding potential for DSP impacts to regional public health and shellfish industry.

Structure

Formula

C45H72O13

Exact mono-isotopic mass

820.49729

Molfile

See Other Chem Files

Alternative molfiles

n/a

SMILES

OC([C@](C)(O)C[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](O)[C@@]2(O[C@H]([C@H](C)CC[C@@H]3O[C@]4(CC[C@@H](O[C@H]([C@@H](O)C[C@H](C)[C@H]5O[C@@]6([C@H](C)CCCO6)CC[C@H]5C)C([C@H]7O)=C)[C@H]7O4)CC3)CC(C)=C2)O1)=O

Alternative SMILES

n/a

InChi key

YPDROYATRIXSOM-BKLHYCIZSA-N

Alternative InChi keys

n/a

InChi

InChI=1S/C45H72O13/c1-25-21-35(56-45(23-25)36(47)13-12-32(55-45)24-42(7,51)41(49)50)26(2)10-11-31-15-17-43(54-31)18-16-34-40(57-43)37(48)30(6)39(53-34)33(46)22-28(4)38-27(3)14-19-44(58-38)29(5)9-8-20-52-44/h23,26-29,31-40,46-48,51H,6,8-22,24H2,1-5,7H3,(H,49,50)/t26-,27-,28+,29-,31+,32+,33+,34-,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,40-,42-,43-,44-,45-/m1/s1

Alternative InChis

Spectra available

True

Chem files

chemfiles/H2DTX1.cdxml chemfiles/H2DTX1.mol

Certified

False

Certified links

n/a

Non certified reference material

False

Chemical analysis

Research

True

Standardized

False

Validated

False

Official

n/a

Structure recognition assays

Research

Unknown

Standardized

Unknown

Validated

Unknown

Official

n/a

Functional assays

Research

True

Standardized

Unknown

Validated

Unknown

Official

n/a

Animal assays

Research

Unknown

Standardized

Unknown

Validated

Unknown

Official

n/a

Regulatory status

Unknown

Human toxic syndrome(s)

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning

Organ system toxicity

Gastro-intestinal toxicity

Risk assessment

False

Molecular targets known

True

Molecular targets

Protein phosphatase 2A

Toxic to aquatic animals

Unknown

TEF available

Unknown

Notes

Deeds, J.R., Stutts, W.L., Celiz, M.D., MacLeod, J., Hamilton, A.E., Lewis, B.J., Miller, D.W., Kanwit, K., Smith, J.L., Kulis, D.M., McCarron, P., Rauschenberg, C.D., Burnell, C.A., Archer, S.D., Borchert, J., Lankford, S.K., 2020. Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 produced by Dinophysis norvegica in the Gulf of Maine, USA and its accumulation in shellfish. Toxins 12, 533.

Philipp Hess

Contact

Beatriz Reguera

Contact

Christopher Miles

Contact