Microcystin-LR

Microcystin

Last updated at: Nov. 2, 2023

Recommended name
Microcystin-LR
Synonyms
Cyanoginosin-LR
Recommended acronym
MC-LR
Abbreviation

Progenitors

Name
Microcystis aeruginosa
Note
Botes, D.P., Wessels, P.L., Kruger, H., Runnegar, M.T.C., Santikarn, S., Smith, R.J., Barna, J.C.J., Williams, D.H., 1985. Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1 (0), 2747–2748. Adams, W.H., Stone, J.P., Sylvester, B., Stoner, R.D., Slatkin, D.N., Tempel, N.R., Siegelman, H.W., 1988. Pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-LR: in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 96(2):248-57. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(88)90084-1. PMID: 3194914.
Name
Synechococcus
Note
Carmichael, W.W., Li, R., 2006. Cyanobacteria toxins in the Salton Sea. Aquat. Biosyst. 2, 5 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-2-5
Name
Microcystis
Note
Oudra, B., Loudiki, M., Sbyyaa, B., Sabour, B., Martins, R., Amori, A. and Vasconcelos, V., 2002. Detection and variation of microcystin contents of Microcystis blooms in eutrophic Lalla Takerkoust Lake, Morocco. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 7: 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2002.00165.x
Name
Roseofilum
Note
Richardson, L.L., Sekar, R., Myers, J.L., Gantar, M., Voss, J.D., Kaczmarsky, L., Remily, E.R., Boyer, G.L., Zimba, P.V., 2007. The presence of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in black band disease of corals, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 272(2), 182–187, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00751.x Casamatta, D., Stanić, D., Gantar, M., Richardson, L.L., 2012. Characterization of Roseofilum reptotaenium (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) gen. et sp. nov. isolated from Caribbean black band disease, Phycologia, 51:5, 489-499, DOI: 10.2216/11-10.1
Name
Aphanizomenon flosaquae
Note
Šulčius, S., Pilkaitytė, R., Mazur-Marzec, H., Kasperovičienė, J., Ezhova, E., Błaszczyk, A., Paškauskas, R., 2015. Increased risk of exposure to microcystins in the scum of the filamentous cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae accumulated on the western shoreline of the Curonian Lagoon. Mar Pollut Bull. 99(1-2):264-70. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.057. Epub 2015 Jul 30. PMID: 26234611.
Name
Dolichospermum
Note
Sivonen, K., Namikoshi, M., Evans, W.R., Carmichael, W.W., Sun, F., Rouhiainen, L., Luukkainen, R., Rinehart, K.L., 1992. Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena. Appl Environ Microbiol. 58(8):2495-500. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2495-2500.1992. PMID: 1514796; PMCID: PMC195810.
Name
Gloeotrichia echinulata
Note
Carey, C.C., Haney, J.F. and Cottingham, K.L., 2007. First report of microcystin-LR in the cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 337-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20245
Name
Leptolyngbya
Note
Mahanil, K., Sensupa, A., Pekkoh, J., Tragoolpua, Y., Pumas, C., 2021. Application of phycobiliproteins from Leptolyngbya sp. KC45 for natural illuminated colourant beverages. J Appl Phycol 33, 3747–3760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02556-3
Name
Planktothrix agardhii
Note
Fujii, K., Sivonen, K., Naganawa, E., Harada, K.-I., 2000. Non-Toxic Peptides from Toxic Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahedron 56 (5), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(99)01017-0
Name
Nostoc
Note
Oudra, B., Dadi-El Andaloussi, M., Vasconcelos, V.M., 2009. Identification and quantification of microcystins from a Nostoc muscorum bloom occurring in Oukaïmeden River (High-Atlas mountains of Marrakech, Morocco). Environ Monit Assess 149, 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0220-y

Vector Species

Name
Chanodichthys erythropterus
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120
Name
Coilia nasus
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120
Name
Procambarus clarkii
Note
Chen, J., Xie, P., 2005. Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in two freshwater shrimps, Palaemon modestus and Macrobrachium nipponensis, from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China. Toxicon. 45(5):615-25. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.003. PMID: 15777958.
Name
Mytilus trossulus
Note
Preece, E.P., Moore, B.C., Hardy, F.J., Deobald, L.A., 2015. First detection of microcystin in Puget Sound, Washington, mussels (Mytilus trossulus), Lake and Reservoir Management, 31:1, 50-54, DOI: 10.1080/10402381.2014.998398
Name
Lymnaea stagnalis
Note
Zurawell, R.W., Kotak, B.G., Prepas, E.E., 1999. Influence of lake trophic status on the occurrence of microcystin-LR in the tissue of pulmonate snails. Freshwater Biology, 42: 707-718. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00499.x Kotak, B.G., Zurawell, R.W., Prepas, E.E., Holmes, C.F.B., 1996. Microcystin-LR concentration in aquatic food web compartments from lakes of varying trophic status. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(9): 1974-1985. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-135
Name
Carassius auratus
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120 Jia, J., Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: assessment of risks to humans. Sci Total Environ. 15;487:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037. Epub 2014 May 3. PMID: 24784747.
Name
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120 Jia, J., Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: assessment of risks to humans. Sci Total Environ. 15;487:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037. Epub 2014 May 3. PMID: 24784747.
Name
Parabramis pekinensis
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120
Name
Cyprinus carpio
Note
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y. and Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120
Name
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
Note
Jia, J., Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: assessment of risks to humans. Sci Total Environ. 15;487:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037. Epub 2014 May 3. PMID: 24784747.
Name
Cyprinus carpio
Note
Jia, J., Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: assessment of risks to humans. Sci Total Environ. 15;487:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037. Epub 2014 May 3. PMID: 24784747. Singh, S., Asthana, R.K., 2014. Assessment of Microcystin Concentration in Carp and Catfish: A Case Study from Lakshmikund Pond, Varanasi, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92, 687–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1277-7
Name
Clarias batrachus
Note
Singh, S., Asthana, R.K., 2014. Assessment of Microcystin Concentration in Carp and Catfish: A Case Study from Lakshmikund Pond, Varanasi, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92, 687–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1277-7
Name
Odontesthes bonariensis
Note
Ame, M.V., Galanti, L.N., Menone, M.L., Gerpe, M.S., Moreno, V.J., Wunderlin, D.A., 2010. Microcystin–LR, –RR, –YR and –LA in water samples and fishes from a shallow lake in Argentina. Harmful Algae 9(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.001
Name
Oreochromis niloticus
Note
Semyalo, R., Rohrlack, T., Naggawa, C., Nyakairu, G.W., 2010. Microcystin concentrations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caught from Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria and Lake Mburo: Uganda. Hydrobiologia 638, 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0047-8
Name
Penaeus vannamei
Note
Zimba, P.V., Camus, A., Allen, E.H., Burkholder, J.M., 2006. Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility. Aquaculture 261(3), 1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.037
Name
Ictalurus
Note
Zimba, P.V., Khoo, L., Gaunt, P.S., Brittain, S., Carmichael, W.W., 2001. Confirmation of catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), mortality from Microcystis toxins. Journal of Fish Diseases, 24: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00273.x
Name
Corbicula
Note
Chen, J., Xie, P., 2008. Accumulation of hepatotoxic microcystins in freshwater mussels, aquatic insect larvae and oligochaetes in a large, shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu) of subtropical China. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 17(7A), 849-854. https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7449317
Name
Macrobrachium
Note
Chen, J., Xie, P., 2005. Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in two freshwater shrimps, Palaemon modestus and Macrobrachium nipponensis, from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China. Toxicon. 45(5):615-25. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.003. PMID: 15777958.

References

Carey, C.C., 2007
Carey, C.C., Haney, J.F., Cottingham, K.L., 2007. First report of microcystin-LR in the cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 337-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20245
Mahanil, K., 2021
Mahanil, K., Sensupa, A., Pekkoh, J., Tragoolpua, Y., Pumas, C., 2021. Application of phycobiliproteins from Leptolyngbya sp. KC45 for natural illuminated colourant beverages. J Appl Phycol 33, 3747–3760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02556-3
Fujii, K., 2000
Fujii, K., Sivonen, K., Naganawa, E., Harada, K.-I., 2000. Non-Toxic Peptides from Toxic Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahedron 56 (5), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(99)01017-0
Oudra, B., 2009
Oudra, B., Dadi-El Andaloussi, M., Vasconcelos, V.M., 2009. Identification and quantification of microcystins from a Nostoc muscorum bloom occurring in Oukaïmeden River (High-Atlas mountains of Marrakech, Morocco). Environ Monit Assess 149, 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0220-y
Jia, J., 2014
Jia, J., Luo, W., Lu, Y., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in four fish species from Lake Taihu, China: assessment of risks to humans. Sci Total Environ. 15;487:224-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.037. Epub 2014 May 3. PMID: 24784747.
Xie, L., 2005
Xie, L., Xie, P., Guo, L., Li, L., Miyabara, Y., Park, H.-D., 2005. Organ distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in freshwater fish at different trophic levels from the eutrophic Lake Chaohu, China. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20120
Botes, D.P., 1985
Botes, D.P., Wessels, P.L., Kruger, H., Runnegar, M.T.C., Santikarn, S., Smith, R.J., Barna, J.C.J., Williams, D.H., 1985. Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1 (0), 2747–2748. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(88)90084-1. PMID: 3194914.
Carmichael, W.W., 2006
Carmichael, W.W., Li, R., 2006. Cyanobacteria toxins in the Salton Sea. Aquat. Biosyst. 2, 5 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-2-5
Adams, W.H., 1988
Adams, W.H., Stone, J.P., Sylvester, B., Stoner, R.D., Slatkin, D.N., Tempel, N.R., Siegelman, H.W., 1988. Pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-LR: in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 96(2):248-57. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(88)90084-1. PMID: 3194914.
Richardson, L.L., 2007
Richardson, L.L., Sekar, R., Myers, J.L., Gantar, M., Voss, J.D., Kaczmarsky, L., Remily, E.R., Boyer, G.L., Zimba, P.V., 2007. The presence of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in black band disease of corals, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 272(2), 182–187, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00751.x
Singh, S., 2014
Singh, S., Asthana, R.K., 2014. Assessment of Microcystin Concentration in Carp and Catfish: A Case Study from Lakshmikund Pond, Varanasi, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92, 687–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1277-7
Ame, M.V., 2010
Ame, M.V., Galanti, L.N., Menone, M.L., Gerpe, M.S., Moreno, V.J., Wunderlin, D.A., 2010. Microcystin–LR, –RR, –YR and –LA in water samples and fishes from a shallow lake in Argentina. Harmful Algae 9(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.001
Semyalo, R., 2010
Semyalo, R., Rohrlack, T., Naggawa, C., Nyakairu, G.W., 2010. Microcystin concentrations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caught from Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria and Lake Mburo: Uganda. Hydrobiologia 638, 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0047-8
Zimba, P.V., 2006
Zimba, P.V., Camus, A., Allen, E.H., Burkholder, J.M., 2006. Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility. Aquaculture 261(3), 1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.037
Zimba, P.V., 2001
Zimba, P.V., Khoo, L., Gaunt, P.S., Brittain, S., Carmichael, W.W., 2001. Confirmation of catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), mortality from Microcystis toxins. Journal of Fish Diseases, 24: 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00273.x
Chen, J., 2008
Chen, J., Xie, P., 2008. Accumulation of hepatotoxic microcystins in freshwater mussels, aquatic insect larvae and oligochaetes in a large, shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu) of subtropical China. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 17(7A), 849-854. https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7449317
Chen, J., 2005
Chen, J., Xie, P., 2005. Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in two freshwater shrimps, Palaemon modestus and Macrobrachium nipponensis, from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China. Toxicon. 45(5):615-25. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.003. PMID: 15777958.
Preece, E.P., 2015
Preece, E.P., Moore, B.C., Hardy, F.J., Deobald, L.A., 2015. First detection of microcystin in Puget Sound, Washington, mussels (Mytilus trossulus), Lake and Reservoir Management, 31:1, 50-54, DOI: 10.1080/10402381.2014.998398
Zurawell, R.W., 1999
Zurawell, R.W., Kotak, B.G., Prepas, E.E., 1999. Influence of lake trophic status on the occurrence of microcystin-LR in the tissue of pulmonate snails. Freshwater Biology, 42: 707-718. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00499.x
Kotak, B.G., 1996
Kotak, B.G., Zurawell, R.W., Prepas, E.E., Holmes, C.F.B., 1996. Microcystin-LR concentration in aquatic food web compartments from lakes of varying trophic status. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(9): 1974-1985. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-135
Oudra, B., 2002
Oudra, B., Loudiki, M., Sbyyaa, B., Sabour, B., Martins, R., Amori, A., Vasconcelos, V., 2002. Detection and variation of microcystin contents of Microcystis blooms in eutrophic Lalla Takerkoust Lake, Morocco. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 7: 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2002.00165.x
Casamatta, D., 2012
Casamatta, D., Stanić, D., Gantar, M., Richardson, L.L., 2012. Characterization of Roseofilum reptotaenium (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) gen. et sp. nov. isolated from Caribbean black band disease, Phycologia, 51:5, 489-499, DOI: 10.2216/11-10.1
Šulčius, S., 2015
Šulčius, S., Pilkaitytė, R., Mazur-Marzec, H., Kasperovičienė, J., Ezhova, E., Błaszczyk, A., Paškauskas, R., 2015. Increased risk of exposure to microcystins in the scum of the filamentous cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae accumulated on the western shoreline of the Curonian Lagoon. Mar Pollut Bull. 99(1-2):264-70. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.057. Epub 2015 Jul 30. PMID: 26234611.
Sivonen, K., 1992
Sivonen, K., Namikoshi, M., Evans, W.R., Carmichael, W.W., Sun, F., Rouhiainen, L., Luukkainen, R., Rinehart, K.L., 1992. Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena. Appl Environ Microbiol. 58(8):2495-500. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2495-2500.1992. PMID: 1514796; PMCID: PMC195810.
Structure
Formula
C49H74N10O12
Exact mono-isotopic mass
994.54877
Molfile
n/a
Alternative molfiles
n/a
SMILES
O=C(N(C)C(C(N[C@@H]1C)=O)=C)CC[C@H](C(O)=O)NC([C@@H](C)[C@H](/C=C/C(C)=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](OC)CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC([C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC([C@@H](C)[C@H](C(O)=O)NC([C@@H](NC1=O)CC(C)C)=O)=O)=O)=O
Alternative SMILES
n/a
InChi key
ZYZCGGRZINLQBL-GWRQVWKTSA-N
Alternative InChi keys
n/a
InChi
InChI=1S/C49H74N10O12/c1-26(2)23-37-46(66)58-40(48(69)70)30(6)42(62)55-35(17-14-22-52-49(50)51)45(65)54-34(19-18-27(3)24-28(4)38(71-10)25-33-15-12-11-13-16-33)29(5)41(61)56-36(47(67)68)20-21-39(60)59(9)32(8)44(64)53-31(7)43(63)57-37/h11-13,15-16,18-19,24,26,28-31,34-38,40H,8,14,17,20-23,25H2,1-7,9-10H3,(H,53,64)(H,54,65)(H,55,62)(H,56,61)(H,57,63)(H,58,66)(H,67,68)(H,69,70)(H4,50,51,52)/b19-18+,27-24+/t28-,29-,30-,31+,34-,35-,36+,37-,38-,40+/m0/s1
Alternative InChis
Spectra available
True
Chem files

References

Carmichael, W.W., 1988
Carmichael, W.W., Beasley, V., Bunner, D.L., Eloff, J.N., Falconer, I., Gorham, P., Harada, K., Krishnamurthy, T., Yu, M.J., Moore, R.E., Rinehart, K., Runnegar, M., Skulberg, O.M., Watanabe, M., 1988. Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon. 1988;26(11):971-3. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90195-x. PMID: 3149803.
Botes, D.P., 1985
Botes, D.P., Wessels, P.L., Kruger, H., Runnegar, M.T.C., Santikarn, S., Smith, R.J., Barna, J.C.J., Williams, D.H., 1985. Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1 (0), 2747–2748.
Certified
True
Certified links
Non certified reference material
True

Chemical analysis

Research
True
Standardized
Unknown
Validated
True
Official
EPA document # EPA/600/R-17/344

Structure recognition assays

Research
True
Standardized
Unknown
Validated
True
Official
n/a

Functional assays

Research
True
Standardized
Unknown
Validated
Unknown
Official
n/a

Animal assays

Research
True
Standardized
Unknown
Validated
Unknown
Official
n/a

References

Shoemaker, J.A., 2017
Shoemaker, J.A., Tettenhorst, D.R., de la Cruz, A., 2017. Single Laboratory Validated Method for Determination of Microcystins and Nodularin in Ambient Freshwaters by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA document # EPA/600/R-17/344.
Zaffiro, A., 2016
Zaffiro, A., Rosenblum, L., Wendelken, S.C., 2016. Method 546: Determination of Total Microcystins and Nodularins in Drinking Water and Ambient Water by Adda Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Bostan, H.B., 2018
Bostan, H.B., Taghdisi, S.M., Taghdisi, S.M., Demertzis, N., Rezaee, R., Panahi, Y., Tsatsakis, A.M., Karimi, G., 2018. Determination of microcystin-LR, employing aptasensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 15;119:110-118. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.003. Epub 2018 Aug 8. PMID: 30121422.
Yakes, B.J., 2015
Yakes, B.J., Handy, S.M., Kanyuck, K.M., DeGrasse, S.L., 2015. Improved screening of microcystin genes and toxins in blue-green algal dietary supplements with PCR and a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Harmful Algae 47, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.05.001
Long, F., 2009
Long, F., Shi, H.C., He, M., Sheng, J.W., Wang, J.F., 2009. Sensitive and rapid chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for microcystin-LR in water samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 649(1), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.026
Ma, W., 2009
Ma, W., Chen, W., Qiao, R., Liu, C., Yang, C., Li, Z., Xu, D., Peng, C, Jin, Z., Xu, C., Zhu, S., Wang, L., 2009. Rapid and sensitive detection of microcystin by immunosensor based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25(1), 240-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.020
Sassolas, A., 2011
Sassolas, A., Catanante, G., Fournier, D., Marty, J.L., 2011. Development of a colorimetric inhibition assay for microcystin-LR detection: comparison of the sensitivity of different protein phosphatases. Talanta. 85(5):2498-503. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.101. Epub 2011 Aug 5. PMID: 21962674.
Niu, W., 2012
Niu, W., He, E., Wu, Q., Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Huang, B., Zhao, X., 2012. Use of fluorescent europium chelates as labels for detection of microcystin-LR in Taihu Lake, China. Journal of Rare Earths 30(9), 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60158-6
Murphy, C., 2015
Murphy, C., Stack, E., Krivelo, S., McPartlin, D.A., Byrne, B., Greef, C., Lochhead, M.J., Husar, G., Devlin, S., Elliott, C.T., O'Kennedy, R.J., 2015. Detection of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR, using a novel recombinant antibody-based optical-planar waveguide platform. Biosens Bioelectron. 67:708-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.039. Epub 2014 Oct 23. PMID: 25459059.
Neumannm, A.-C., 2015
Neumannm, A.-C., Wang, X., Niessner, R., Knopp, D., 2015. Determination of microcystin-LR in surface water by a magnetic bead-based colorimetric immunoassay using antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles. Anal. Methods, 2016,8, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02164B
Masango, M., 2008
Masango, M., Myburgh, J., Botha, C., Labuschagne, L., Naicker, D., 2008, A comparison of in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the toxicity of algal blooms. Water Research 42, 3241-3248.
Lawton, L.A., 1994
Lawton, L.A., Edward, C., Codd, G.A., Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated Waters. Analyst 119, 1525-1530.
Turner, A.D., 2018
Turner, A.D., Waack, J., Lewis, A., Edwards, C., Lawton, L. 2018. Development and single-laboratory validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powder. J. Chromatogr. B 1074-1075, 111-123.
Wang, C.C., 2016
Wang, C.C., Petty, E.E., Smith, C.M. 2016. Rapid and efficient analysis of microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, and anatoxin-a in drinking water by LC tandem MS, J. AOAC Int. 99, 1565-1571.
Altaner, S., 2019
Altaner, S., Puddick, J., Fessard, V., Feurstein, D., Zemskov, I., Dietrich, D.R. 2019. Simultaneous Detection of 14 Microcystin Congeners from Tissue Samples Using UPLC- ESI-MS/MS and Two Dierent Deuterated Synthetic Microcystins as Internal Standards. Toxins 11, 388.
Yang, R., 2018
Yang, R., Song, D., Fang, S., Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Long, F., Zhu, A., 2018. Development of novel portable and reusable fiber optical chemiluminescent biosensor and its application for sensitive detection of microcystin-LR. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 121(15), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.062
Aguete, E.C., 2003
Aguete, E.C., Gago-Martínez, A., Leão, J.M., Rodríguez-Vázquez, J.A., Menàrd, C., Lawrence, J.F., 2003. HPLC and HPCE analysis of microcystins RR, LR and YR present in cyanobacteria and water by using immunoaffinity extraction. Talanta. 59(4):697-705. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00610-0. PMID: 18968958.
Liu, Y., 2019
Liu, Y., Ji., J., Cui, F., Sun, J., Wu, H., Pi, F., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., 2019. Development of a two-step immunochromatographic assay for microcystin-LR based on fluorescent microspheres. Food Control 95, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.036
Pang, P., 2018
Pang, P., Teng, X., Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Yang, C., Yang, W., Barrow, C.J., 2018. Ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor for microcystin-LR using molybdenum disulfide/gold nanoclusters nanocomposites as platform and Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles as signal enhancer. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 266, 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.154
Zhang, G., 2018
Zhang, G., Li, C., Wu, S., Zhang, Q., 2018. Label-free aptamer-based detection of microcystin-LR using a microcantilever array biosensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 260, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.112
Ward, C.J., 1997
Ward, C.J., a,  Beattie, K.A.,  Lee, E.Y.C., Codd, G.A., 1997. Colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay of laboratory strains and natural blooms of cyanobacteria: comparisons with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for microcystins. FEMS Microbiology Letters 153, 465-473.
Samdal, I.A., 2014
Samdal, I.A., Ballot, A., Løvberg, K.E., Miles, C.O., 2014, Multihapten approach leading to a sensitive ELISA withbroad cross-reactivity to microcystins and nodularin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 14, 8035–8043
Manubolu, M., 2018
Manubolu, M., Lee, J., Riedl, K.M., Kua, Z., Collart, L.P., Ludsin, S.A. 2018. Optimization of extraction methods for quantification of microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR in fish, vegetable, and soil matrices using UPLC–MS/MS. Harmful Algae 76, 47-57.
Regulatory status
False

References

World Health Organization, 2020
World Health Organization 2020, Cyanobacterial toxins: microcystins, Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments.
US EPA, 2015
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water Health Advisory for the Cyanobacterial Microcystin Toxins. EPA-820R15100.

Go to HAEDAT events

Human toxic syndrome(s)
n/a
Organ system toxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Risk assessment
Unknown
Molecular targets known
True
Molecular targets
Protein phosphatase 2A, Protein phosphatase 1
Toxic to aquatic animals
True
TEF available
True

Risk assessment References

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TEF References

Wolf, H.U., 2002
Wolf, H.U., Frank, C. Toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial toxin mixtures. Environ Toxicol. 2002;17(4):395-9. doi: 10.1002/tox.10066. PMID: 12203962.
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Notes
Wade Huang
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Zhihong Wang
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John Ramsdell
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Christopher Miles
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